Some people say that the best defense is a good offense; an octopus, however, would disagree.
In addition to being one of the strangest and most beautiful creatures in nature, the octopus has some of
the most inventive and effective defense mechanisms imaginable. While other animals have teeth, horns,
or claws to help defend them from predators, the octopus concentrates its energy on hiding from and
confusing its attackers. When it wants to get away, the octopus has an impressive arsenal of tricks at its
disposal.
The most well-known of the octopus’s defense mechanisms is its ability to squirt clouds of ink into
the water. Some octopi use this cloud of ink as camouflage; after squirting the ink, the octopus retreats
into the ink cloud where the predator cannot see it. Other octopi use the ink cloud as a decoy. If a large,
intelligent predator such as a shark knows that octopi use ink clouds for camouflage, it might simply
attack the ink cloud blindly, hoping to make contact with the octopus inside. However, some sneaky
octopi will release the ink cloud in one direction and scurry away in another direction, leaving the predator
with nothing but a mouthful of ink. In addition to confusing predators’ sense of sight, these ink clouds also
confuse their sense of smell. The ink is composed primarily of melanin (the same chemical that gives
human skin its color), which can shut down a predator’s sense of smell. If an octopus cannot be seen or
smelled, it has a much higher chance of escaping an attack.
Another defence mechanism possessed by many octopi is the ability to change colour, much like a
chameleon. Most animals get their skin colour from chemicals in the skin called chromatophores (melanin
is one of these chromatophores). Chromatophores might contain yellow, orange, red, brown, or black
pigments, and the amount of each pigment present in the skin determines an animal’s colour. While most
animals are always the same colour, some species of octopi can control the amount of each colour pigment
in their skin cells, allowing them to change colour. Some poisonous octopi, when provoked, will change
their skin to a bright, eye-catching colour to warn predators that they are dangerous and ready to strike.
Other octopi use this ability to change their skin to the colour and texture of seaweed or coral, allowing
them to blend in with their environment. Finally, some octopi—such as the mimic octopus—use this colour-changing ability to masquerade as another type of animal. The body of an octopus is highly flexible, and
some species can combine this flexibility with their colour-changing skills to make themselves resemble
more dangerous animals such as sea snakes or eels.
Yet another defence mechanism possessed by some octopi is the ability to perform autotomy,
or self-amputation, of one of their limbs and regrow it later. Many species of skink and lizard also possess
this ability, which allows them to shed their tails when caught by a predator and therefore getaway. When
a predator catches a tentacle the octopus can amputate this tentacle, thereby unfettering itself, and
regrow the tentacle later. Some octopi, however, are even cleverer. When threatened by a predator,
these octopi will shed a tentacle before being attacked in the hope that the predator will go after the
detached tentacle rather than the octopus itself.
While the octopus may not be the most vicious creature in the ocean, its numerous and clever defence mechanisms help it to survive in the dangerous undersea world.
Quiz: Check your Reading comprehension level
